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Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal, by Earl of Archibald Percival Wavell
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A journal written by Lord Wavell, the dismissed Viceroy, during his three and a half year tenure, first published in 1973.
- Sales Rank: #1488308 in Books
- Published on: 1973-06-14
- Ingredients: Example Ingredients
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Binding: Hardcover
- 544 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Enlightening!
By V Lakshminarayanan
Reading this book was enlightening. By reading the diary of ViceroyWavell, you get to look inside his soul. As you read you get multiple impressions like admiration, sympathy, and at times, anger and scorn for the man. But in the end you see him as a human, albeit a failed human, who got caught in the conflict with people and events that did not conform to his own beliefs and expectations and his inability to shape events.
The events in 1940’s leading to Independence have been confusing because I have not found a book that cogently explained the events as they happened. Wavell’s diary is a collection of his own impressions and interpretations and the reader gets a ring side seat to the events. It throws plenty of light on how and why things evolved the way they did. Wavell came of age when Britain was the sole global super power which was in a mission to be “morally responsible to civilize the natives”. Further the 19th century was a racist century when the majority of European intellectuals believed in some form of Social Darwinism. Wavell came to India in 1903 and spent his formative years in the Indian army during the high period of the Raj, the age of Curzon and Kipling. Those early experiences and impressions would rule his mind to his own detriment in the closing years of the Raj. He was a soldier for forty years until Churchill chose him to be the Viceroy, a political assignment. As an army man, Wavell became a believer in the obedience to his commanders to be the highest virtue, to the letter of the commandment with no room for second opinions. These would lead to his failure as the viceroy after the end of the Second World War when the world had changed phenomenally from the one he grew up in.
Churchill had his experience with India as a soldier a decade before Wavell. But Churchill was a politician by nature and he pursued his own goals with a higher priority than that of anyone else’s and had no hesitation to break the rules of his commanders or colleagues. Keeping India under British rule was as important to him as winning the war against Hitler. He found in Wavell an obedient servant who would serve his goals and thus offered him the job of Viceroy. Wavell was either foolish to take the job or he was overestimating his capabilities.
The British in India were more British than the Britons in Britain and more imperialistic than the conservative politicians in London. Wavell was no exception. After becoming the Viceroy, he recognized that the India had transformed beyond belief and keeping India under Britain’s feet was no longer sustainable. But his master, Churchill, had no intention of lifting the foot and Wavell was not the one to defy or challenge his master. With Gandhi and Congress leaders locked up in Jail, Jinnah going around fertilizing the field nurturing the idea of Pakistan and his masters busy fighting the war in Europe, Wavell functioned more like a discouraged bureaucrat than a Viceroy with frequent feel good pep rallies with his Governors and shows of good faith with the members of his Indian Council.
Once the war ended in Europe the pace changed with the shock of Labor coming to power in London. British in India would have preferred to have the war continue rather than be accountable to the parliament under the Labor party. Dogmatically carrying out the trial of INA soldiers showed that Wavell lacked understanding of the new realities and further undermined his authority. The mutinies in the navy and army removed whatever confidence left in the government and it finally sunk in their mind that it was time to close the shop. Like a typical soldier, Wavell expected Prime Minister Attlee to get a motion passed in Parliament to withdraw British forces from India without formally handing over of power. Such withdrawal would have triggered anarchy and civil war in the Indian subcontinent and Attlee took the right decision to dismiss Wavell and bring Mountbatten in to engineer an orderly transfer of power.
Wavell had difficulties dealing with all types of Indians. He could not reconcile to Gandhi; he truly believed that Gandhi was an evil person. He could never trust Hindus, especially the ones with education. He was alarmed at the youthful energy of Nehru. He understood Patel as a practical politician with whom he could do business but still mistrusted him. He had a soft corner for Muslims because of their large number in the army. He was grateful to Jinnah for his support of the war and was tolerant of Jinnah’s antics in the negotiations. This tolerance would create the impasse in forming any kind of unified government to whom the British could peacefully hand over power.
Wavell carries a large part of the blame for the partition of India, the violence following the partition and the unfortunate legacy of a hostile environment that lingers on today in the Indian sub-continent. The real villain of the story was Churchill who chose Wavell to do his calling.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The contributions of a forgotten Viceroy on the road to Indian independence
By Silvester Percival
From October 1943 to March 1947 the penultimate viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, kept a journal detailing one of the most difficult and momentous periods in the history of the British Raj. Penderel Moon later edited and published the journal in 1973 under the title, Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal, for the purpose of setting straight Wavell’s legacy and showing his forgotten contributions. Wavell, a career soldier who wished for appointment as the Supreme Commander of South-East Asia, accepted the viceroyalty as one would accept a military appointment: with a sense of duty and obligation to serve the best interests of his country. He did not covet the honor. The journal reveals a straightforward and practical man with an honest and moderate opinion of his own abilities. Wavell complained of the unending “spate of paper,” and did not enjoy administration or the public life his position as viceroy required. He suspected that Churchill held ill-feeling towards him, that Attlee distrusted him, and both suspicions made him uneasy. Yet he also considered himself honest and clear-minded and attributed his own shortcomings as viceroy to his soldierly outlook and lack of political polish.
The journal also reveals Wavell’s genuine and far-sighted knowledge of Indian affairs. His ultimate failure to move India towards independence, therefore, should be understood in the context of the many difficulties he faced. In 1943 these difficulties included the war, an acute financial crisis, and most of all a famine in Bengal. Wavell addressed each of these problems with great skill and determination. He also faced the difficult task of satisfying an increasingly weak and vacillating British policy towards India, while trying to find a delicate balance in Indian politics. In contrast to Mountbatten, moreover, Wavell lacked plenipotentiary powers, making his efforts to achieve a solution contingent upon the cooperation of the British government in London. “Our bluff has been called,” he wrote on 30 October, 1946. “Our time in India is limited and our power to control events almost gone… My task now is to secure the safest and most dignified withdrawal possible.” As Moon argues, Wavell’s continual efforts to reach a settlement, from the Simla Conference in the summer of 1945 to the Cabinet Mission one year later, vindicated the good intentions of Wavell and won Indian goodwill. Meanwhile Wavell's "breakdown plan," which the British government refused to commit to, possessed the essential proposals that would later help Mountbatten succeed. Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal stands as a corrective to the legacy of an underestimated British viceroy, whose honest efforts ultimately foundered upon an unprecedented series of difficulties.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
An outstanding insight into a remarkable man
By Dr. J. Vaughan Johnson
Now almost a forgotten figure in the past, Archibald Wavell deserves better undersytanding. Thjis volume helps to remedy that deficiency
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